The 15th Century Army: A Time of Transition and Development
The 15th century was a significant period in the history of warfare, marked by the transition from medieval to modern armies. This era saw the decline of traditional knightly cavalry and the rise of infantry, gunpowder weapons, and innovative tactics. In this article, we will explore the key characteristics, developments, and advancements of 15th century armies.
Organization and Structure
15th century armies were typically organized into four main branches: infantry, cavalry, artillery, and support troops. The infantry consisted of pikemen, archers, and men-at-arms, while the cavalry comprised knights, men-at-arms, and mounted archers. Artillery, a relatively new addition, included cannons, hand cannons, and other early firearms. Support troops included engineers, scouts, and supply personnel.
Tactics and Strategies
Pike Formations
The 15th century saw the rise of pike formations, where dense columns of pikemen would form a wall of steel to protect themselves from cavalry charges. This tactic, known as the "pike square," was used by armies such as the Swiss and the Scots.
Gunpowder Warfare
The introduction of gunpowder weapons revolutionized warfare. Cannons, hand cannons, and early firearms made siege warfare more effective and changed the nature of battles. Gunpowder also led to the development of new tactics, such as the use of artillery to soften enemy defenses before an infantry assault.
Chevauchée
Chevauchée, a French term, referred to a type of raid or cavalry attack on enemy territory. This tactic involved swift, surprise attacks on enemy strongholds, often followed by pillage and plunder.
Notable Battles and Conflicts
The Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) between England and France saw the rise of English longbowmen and the decline of traditional French chivalry.
The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) in England witnessed the brutal conflict between the rival houses of Lancaster and York, marked by the decline of chivalry and the rise of mercenary armies.
The Ottoman-Hungarian Wars
The Ottoman-Hungarian Wars (1430s-1520s) saw the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe, with the use of innovative tactics and advanced artillery.
Notable Figures and Leaders
Joan of Arc
The French heroine Joan of Arc led the French army to several victories against the English during the Hundred Years' War, before being captured and executed in 1431.
Jan Žižka
The Czech military leader Jan Žižka developed innovative tactics, including the use of war wagons, and led the Hussite armies to several victories against the Holy Roman Empire.
Mehmed II
The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II oversaw the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
Conclusion
The 15th century army was characterized by significant changes in organization, tactics, and technology. The rise of infantry, gunpowder weapons, and innovative tactics marked a shift towards modern warfare. This era saw the decline of traditional chivalry and the emergence of new military leaders and powers. As we explore the complexities of 15th century armies, we gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of warfare and the shaping of modern military strategy.
