220v Ac To 12v Dc Converter Circuit Diagram Without Transformer

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Jul 24, 2024

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220V AC to 12V DC Converter Circuit Diagram without Transformer

Introduction

Converting 220V AC to 12V DC is a common requirement in many electronic projects, especially when working with microcontrollers, LEDs, or other low-voltage devices. Typically, a transformer is used to step down the voltage, but it can be bulky and expensive. In this article, we will explore a circuit diagram that can achieve this conversion without the need for a transformer.

Principle of Operation

The circuit uses a voltage multiplier and a voltage regulator to convert 220V AC to 12V DC. The voltage multiplier consists of a series of diodes and capacitors that tap into the AC voltage, generating a high-voltage DC output. The voltage regulator then reduces this output to a stable 12V DC.

Circuit Diagram

Here is the circuit diagram:

          +-----------+
          |          |
          |  220V AC  |
          |          |
          +-----------+
                  |
                  |
                  v
+-----------+      +-----------+
|         Diode 1 |      |         Diode 2 |
|  (1N4007)     |      |  (1N4007)     |
+-----------+      +-----------+
|         Capacitor 1|      |         Capacitor 2|
|  (470nF)       |      |  (470nF)       |
+-----------+      +-----------+
                  |
                  |
                  v
+-----------+
|         Voltage Regulator |
|  (7812)             |
+-----------+
                  |
                  |
                  v
+-----------+
|         Output 12V DC |
+-----------+

Components

• Diodes: 2 x 1N4007
• Capacitors: 2 x 470nF
• Voltage Regulator: 1 x 7812
• Resistors: None

How it Works

1. The 220V AC input is connected to the first diode (D1) and capacitor (C1).
2. The diode rectifies the AC voltage, generating a high-voltage DC output.
3. The capacitor filters the output, reducing the ripple voltage.
4. The second diode (D2) and capacitor (C2) repeat the process, generating an even higher voltage.
5. The output from the voltage multiplier is connected to the voltage regulator (7812).
6. The voltage regulator reduces the output to a stable 12V DC.

Advantages

• No transformer required, making the circuit more compact and lightweight.
• Low cost compared to transformer-based designs.
• Easy to assemble and test.

Disadvantages

• The circuit is not isolated from the mains voltage, making it less safe.
• The voltage regulator may not be able to handle high currents.
• The circuit may not be suitable for high-power applications.

Conclusion

The 220V AC to 12V DC converter circuit diagram without transformer is a simple and cost-effective solution for many electronic projects. While it has some limitations, it can be a useful alternative to traditional transformer-based designs. Remember to exercise caution when working with high-voltage AC power and ensure that the circuit is properly assembled and tested.